Immunological Features of COVID-19 in Hodeidah, Yemen
Asian Journal of Immunology, Volume 6, Issue 1,
Page 76-84
Abstract
Background: Monitoring of the immunological status linked with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Yemen is practically absent. Several studies vary in study design, populations under study, serologic tests used, timing of sample collection, and quality.
Objective: Therefore, our study aimed to present the validation of immunological method namely rapid test for detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) of COVID-19 infection immune response development in the blood of healthy participants )asymptomatic) were living in the COVID-19 pandemic area and of the patients who have undergone COVID-19 infection.
Methodology: Rapid test was validated that included the sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy parameters and used for sampling in research analysis. Participated volunteers of this study were provided written consent. The study was designed in one time cross sectional COVID-19 antibodies survey after three months of COVID-19 pandemic and implemented in four groups (N:72): the first group COVID-19 was recovered patients (n:18) that admitted in isolation department , Center of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (CTMID), Al Thawara Public Hospital Authority, Hodeidah, Yemen, the second group was contacts of severe patients (n:18), the third group was mild and moderate cases (n:18) that were treated at home ,and the fourth group was asymptomatic cases (n:18)”. Data obtained were analyzed based on appropriate statistical tools.
Results: The results of rapid test validation showed that is sensitive (85.19%; CI: 72.88 to 93.38%), specific (83.33%;CI: 58.58 to 96.42%) , precise (93.88%; CI : 68.73 – 102.52%) and accurate (86.11%; CI : 84.72 to 92.12%) for detection of IgG of COVID-19 in Hodeidah, Yemen. In total, 49 of 72 participants were rapid test positive, giving a prevalence of COVID-19 of 68.05%. The COVID-19 IgG antibodies were detected in 18/18 cases (100%) of recovered severe patients (high prevalence); 17/18 cases (94.44%) of contacts (high prevalence). In addition, IgG were detected in 11/18 cases (61.11%) of mild and moderate patients (middle prevalence) and 3/18 cases (16.66%) of asymptomatic (low prevalence).
Conclusion: The study concluded that COVID-19 IgG antibodies become detectable after symptom onset of severe cases and their contacts (high prevalence) based on validated immunological method. On the other hand, the antibodies were developed in mild and moderate patients (middle prevalence). The IgG were developed in asymptomatic patients (low prevalence). However, additional data are needed before modifying public health recommendations based on serologic test results.
- COVID -19
- Immunological
- IgG
- antibodies
- prevalence
- Hodeidah
- Yemen.
How to Cite
References
Maria Van Kerkhove. Episode #18 - COVID-19 - Immunity after recovery from COVID-19, World Health Organization (WHO). Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/media-resources/science-in-5/episode-18---covid-19---immunity-after-recovery-from-covid-19 Access on December 23, 2020
Center for Diseases Prevention and Control (CDC) – US. Interim Guidelines for COVID-19 Antibody Testing; 2020.
Available:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antibody-tests-guidelines.html
Access on March 17, 2021
Klingler J, Weiss S, Itri V, Liu X, Oguntuyo KY, Stevens C, et al. Role of IgM and IgA antibodies in the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 Dec 21:2020.08.18.20177303. Update in: J Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 29;223(6):957-970. PMID: 33173891; PMCID: PMC7654883.DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.18.20177303
World Health Organization (WHO), Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Serology, antibodies and immunity.
Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-serology Access on December 31, 2020
Andrei Ivanov, Elena Semenova. Long-term monitoring of the development and extinction of IgA and IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2021;93(10):5953-5960. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27166.
Epub 2021 Jul 6
World Health Organization (WHO), WHO COVID-19: Case Definitions. Available:file:///C:/Users/nt/Downloads/WHO-2019-nCoV-Surveillance_Case_Definition-2020.2-eng.pdf
Access on December 16, 2020
World Health Organization (WHO). Operation Consideration for Case Management of COVID - 19 Health Facility.
Available:https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331492/WHO-2019-nCoV-HCF_operations-2020.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Access on March 19, 2020
Ministry of Public Health and Population (MOPHP), Therapeutic Sector, Administration of Service and Emergency, National Guideline for Case Management of Mild and Moderate at Home of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19); 2020.
AL-Kamarany MA, Suhail KA, Majam AS, Abdulabari Alabsi E, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 in Hodeidah, Yemen. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health. 2021;42(21): 28–40.
Available:https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2021/v42i2130550
Suhail FA, Al Kamarany MA. Radiological features of COVID-19 patients in Hodeidah, Yemen. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases. 2021;8(4):117-127. Available:https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2021/v8i430256
Al-Kamarany MA, Al-Musabli A, Suhail KA, Majam AS. Impact of mechanical ventilation on patients from COVID-19 in Hodeidah, Yemen. The Fifth Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program National Conference, Sana'a, Yemen; 2021.
Norgen Biotek Corp. Norgen’s 2019-nCoV TaqMan RT-PCR Kit; 2020.
Moy J. Validation of rapid COVID-19 antibody test kits, evaluation of COVID-19 antibody titers in plasma of individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 infection, Rush University; 2020.
Mercado M, Malagón-Rojas J, Delgado G, Rubio VV, Muñoz Galindo L, Parra Barrera EL, et al. Evaluation of nine serological rapid tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e149.
Available:https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.149
MedCalc Software Ltd. Diagnostic test evaluation calculator.
Available:https://www.medcalc.org/calc/diagnostic_test.php (Version 20.027) Access on January 30, 2022
AL Kamarany Amood M, Abdulkarim T, Bin Ghouth A. Immunological response of COVID - 19 in Hodeidah , Yemen based on validated bio- analytical method as best model for experience of authority of public AL Thawara Hospital in Infectious Disease Researches. The First Scientific Annual Conference of AL Thawara Public General Authority; 2012.
Majam A, AL Kamarany Amood M. COVID -19 and dengue coinfection, predication for increasing the mortality rate: Case report. The First Scientific Annual Conference of AL Thawara Public General Authority; 2021.
Alahdal M, Al-Shabi J, Ogaili M, Abdullah QY, Alghalibi S, et al. Detection of dengue fever virus serotype – 4 by using one-step real-time RT-PCR in Hodeidah, Yemen. Microbiology Research Journal International, 2016;14(6):1–7.
Available:https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2016/24380
Al-Areeqi A, Alghalibi S, Yusuf Q, Al-Masrafi I, Al-Kamarany MA. Epidemiological characteristic of malaria coinfected with dengue fever in Hodeidah, Yemen. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health. 2020;40(3):1–10. Available:https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2019/v40i330230
Yusuf QA, Ogaili M, Alahdal M, Amood Al Kamarany M. Dengue fever infection in Hodeidah, Yemen risk factors and socioeconomic indicators. British Biomedi Cal Bullieten. 2015;3(1):58–65.
Bin-Ghouth AS, Al-Shoteri S, Mahmoud N, Musani A, Baoom NM, Al-Waleedi AA, Buliva E, Aly EA, Naiene JD, Crestani R, Senga M, Barakat A, Al-Ariqi L, Al-Sakkaf KZ, Shaef A, Thabit N, Murshed A, Omara S. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Aden, Yemen: A population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;115:239-244.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.330
Makaronidis J, Mok J, Balogun N, Magee CG, Omar RZ, Carnemolla A, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in people with an acute loss in their sense of smell and/or taste in a community-based population in London, UK: An observational cohort study. Plos Med. 2020;17:10.
Available:https//doi. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003358
Stringhini S, Wisniak A, Piumatti G, Azman AS, Lauer AS, Baysson H, Ridder D, Petrovic D, Schrempft S, Marcus K, Yerly S, Arm VI, Keiser O, Hurst S, Posfay-Barbe KM, Trono D, Pittet D, Gétaz L, Chappuis F, Eckerle I, Vuilleumier N, Meyer B, Flahault A, Kaiser L, Guessous I. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): A population-based study. The Lancet. 2020;396(1):313-319. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31304-0
Mahase E. Covid-19. Antibody prevalence in England fell from 6.0% to 4.4% over three months, study finds. BMJ. 2020;371:m4163. Available:http://doi:10.1136/bmj.m4163
Liu T, Wu S, ; Tao H, Zeng G, Zhou F, Guo F, and Wang X. Prevalence of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan – implications for the ability to produce long-lasting protective antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. MedRxiv; 2020.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.13.20130252
Borges LP, Martins AF, Melo MS, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in an asymptomatic population in Sergipe, Brazil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e108.
Available:https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.108
Stefanelli P, Bella A, Fedele G, Pancheri S, Leone P, Vacca P, Neri A, Carannante A, Fazio C, Benedetti E, Fiore S, Fabiani C, Simmaco M, Santino I, Zuccali MG, Bizzarri G, Magnoni R, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in an area of northeastern Italy with a high incidence of COVID-19 cases: A population-based study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;4:633.e1-633.e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.013
Löfström E, et al . Dynamics of IgG-avidity and antibody levels after Covid-19. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2021;144:104986.
Alzaabi AH, Ahmed LA, Rabooy AE, Zaabi AA, Alkaabi M, AlMahmoud F, et al. Longitudinal changes in IgG levels among COVID-19 recovered patients: A prospective cohort study. Plos One. 2021;16(6):e0251159.
Available:https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251159
Carlos David Araújo Bichara, Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras, Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies post-COVID-19 in a Brazilian Amazon population. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2021;21:443.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06156-x
Ali AM, Ali KM, Fatah MH, Tawfeeq HM, Rostam HM. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in patients negative for immunoglobulin G following recovery from COVID-19. New Microbes and New Infections. 2021;43:100926.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100926
Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) – US. Myths & Facts about Vaccine; 2021.
Available:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html Access on December 15, 2021
-
Abstract View: 3 times
PDF Download: 1 times
